Intshayelelo: Indlela eya ekuqinisekiseni

Eyona nto iluncedo yeWeb3 kukuqinisekisa – abasebenzisi banokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zisebenza njani na. Eli nqaku lichaza ukuba kutheni abaninzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwishishini le-crypto lichaza i-web3 njengenyathelo eliya kwi-intanethi ecacileyo neqinisekisiweyo.

Ngokungafaniyo namaqonga eWeb2 afana ne-Facebook okanye i-Instagram, apho i-algorithms kunye nemithetho ihlala i-opaque naxa ibhaliwe, iiprotocol ze-crypto zenzelwe ukuphicothwa okupheleleyo. Nokuba zikwabelwana ngazo, awunakukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqonga lisebenza njengoko kuchaziwe. Oku kuchasene ne-crypto, apho yonke iprotocol yenzelwe ukuba ihloleke ngokusemandleni-okanye ubuncinane, kulindeleke ukuba ibe.

Namhlanje, siza kuphonononga "I-Verge", icandelo elivela kwi-Vitalik esanda kupapashwa kwi-series ye-mix-part kwikamva lika-Ethereum , ukuhlalutya amanyathelo athatyathwa ngu-Ethereum ekufezekiseni ukuqinisekiswa, ukuzinza, kunye nokunciphisa kwixesha elizayo. Ngaphantsi kwesihloko esithi "I-Verge," siza kuxoxa ngendlela i-blockchain architectures enokwenziwa ngayo ukuba ingqinwe ngakumbi, izinto ezintsha ezi nguqu zizisa kwinqanaba leprotocol, kunye nendlela ezibonelela ngayo abasebenzisi nge-ecosystem ekhuselekileyo. Masiqale!

Kuthetha ukuthini "ukuqinisekiswa"?

Usetyenziso lweWeb2 lusebenza njenge "ibhokisi ezimnyama" - abasebenzisi banokubona kuphela amagalelo abo kunye neziphumo eziphumayo, ngaphandle kokubonakala kwindlela esisebenza ngayo isicelo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iiprothokholi ze-cryptocurrency zihlala zenza ikhowudi yazo yomthombo ifumaneke esidlangalaleni, okanye ubuncinci banezicwangciso zokwenza njalo. Oku kungafihli kusebenzela iinjongo ezimbini: kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba basebenzisane ngokuthe ngqo kunye nekhowudi yeprotocol ukuba bakhetha, kwaye kubanceda baqonde kakuhle indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo kunye nemithetho elawulayo.

"Bekeza oko unako, qinisekisa okuseleyo."

Ukuqinisekiswa kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ziyaphendula kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ziqinisekisa ukuba iiprothokholi zisebenza njengoko bekucetyiwe. Lo mgaqo ugxininisa ukubaluleka kokunciphisa i-centralization, njengoko ihlala ikhokelela kwi-opaque, izakhiwo ezingaphenduliyo apho abasebenzisi bengenakuqinisekisa imisebenzi. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka sizame ukunabisa amagunya kangangoko sinakho kwaye senze imiba eseleyo iqinisekise kwaye iphendule apho ukunatyiswa kwamagunya kungenzeki.

Uluntu lwase-Ethereum lubonakala luhambelana nalo mbono, njengoko imephu yendlela ibandakanya isiganeko esibalulekileyo (esibizwa ngokuthi "I-Verge") ejoliswe ekwenzeni i-Ethereum iqinisekiswe ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuntywila kwi-Verge, kufuneka siqonde ukuba yeyiphi imiba ye-blockchains ekufuneka iqinisekisiwe kwaye zeziphi iindawo ezibalulekileyo ngokwembono yabasebenzisi.

IiBlockchains zisebenza njengewotshi zehlabathi. Kuthungelwano olusasazwayo kunye neekhompyuter ezili-10,000, kunokuthatha ixesha elininzi ukuba intengiselwano isasazeke ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala ukuya kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo. Ngesi sizathu, iindawo ezingqonge i-network azikwazi ukumisela ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo lwentengiselwano-nokuba enye ifike ngaphambi okanye emva kwenye-kuba zinemibono yazo kuphela.

Ngenxa yokuba umyalelo wokuthengiselana ubalulekile, iinethiwekhi ze-blockchain zisebenzisa iindlela ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba " i-algorithms yokuvumelana " ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-nodes zihlala zihambelana kwaye ziqhuba ulandelelwano lwezentengiselwano ngendlela efanayo. Nangona ii-nodes zingenako ukumisela umyalelo wokuthengiselana kwihlabathi jikelele, iindlela zokuvumelana zenza ukuba zonke iindawo zivumelane ngokulandelelana okufanayo, zivumela uthungelwano ukuba lusebenze njengekhompyutheni enye, edibeneyo.

Ngaphaya kolwaleko lwemvumelwano, kukwakho umaleko wokubulawa okhoyo kuyo yonke i-blockchain. Umaleko wophumezo umiliselwe yintengiselwano abasebenzisi abafuna ukuyenza. Emva kokuba ukuthengiselana kuye kwayalelwa ngempumelelo ngemvumelwano, intengiselwano nganye kufuneka isetyenziswe kwimeko yangoku kwinqanaba lokuphumeza. Ukuba uyazibuza, "Yintoni i-state?", Usenokuba ubonile i-blockchains xa kuthelekiswa ne-database-okanye ngakumbi, kwi-database yebhanki kuba i-blockchains, njengeebhanki, igcina irekhodi yebhalansi yomntu wonke.

Ukuba une-$ 100 kwimeko esiyibiza ngokuthi "S" kwaye ufuna ukuthumela i-$ 10 komnye umntu, ibhalansi yakho kwimeko elandelayo, "S + 1", iya kuba yi-$ 90. Le nkqubo yokusetyenziswa kweentengiselwano ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye yinto esiyibiza ngokuba yi- STF (i-State Transition Function) .

Kwi-Bitcoin, i-STF inqunyelwe ngokuyintloko ekutshintsheni ukulinganisela, okwenza kube lula. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo ne-Bitcoin, i-STF ye-Ethereum inzima kakhulu kuba i-Ethereum yibhloko enokucwangciswa ngokupheleleyo kunye ne-execution layer ekwazi ukuqhuba ikhowudi.

Kwi-blockchain, kukho izinto ezintathu ezisisiseko ozifunayo-okanye okwaziyo-ukuqinisekisa:

1. Ilizwe : Unokufuna ukufunda isiqwenga sedatha kwi-blockchain, kodwa uswele ukufikelela kurhulumente kuba ungasebenzisi i -node epheleleyo . Ngoko ke, ucela idatha nge-RPC (i-Remote Procedure Call) umboneleli njenge-Alchemy okanye i-Infura. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba idatha ayiphazanyiswanga ngumboneleli we-RPC.
2. Ukwenziwa : Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iibhloko zisebenzisa i-STF. Kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba utshintsho lukarhulumente lwenziwe ngokuchanekileyo-kungekhona kwi-per-transaction basis kodwa kwi-block-by-block basis.
3. Consensu s: Izigqeba zeqela lesithathu, njenge-RPCs, zinokukubonelela ngeebhloko ezisebenzayo ezingekafakwa kwi-blockchain. Ke, kuya kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba ezi bloko zamkelwe ngokuvumelana kwaye zongezwa kwi-blockchain.

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ukuba oku kubonakala kudida okanye kungacacanga, ungakhathazeki. Siza kuyiqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha le miba nganye. Masiqale ngendlela yokuqinisekisa i-blockchain state !

Uyiqinisekisa njani imeko ye-blockchain?

"Ilizwe" lika-Ethereum libhekisela kwiseti yedatha egcinwe kwi-blockchain nangaliphi na ixesha. Oku kubandakanya ibhalansi yee-akhawunti (ii-akhawunti zekhontrakthi kunye nee-akhawunti zangaphandle okanye ii-EOAs), ikhowudi yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile, ukugcinwa kwekhontrakthi, kunye nokunye. I-Ethereum ngumatshini osekelwe kurhulumente ngenxa yokuba iintengiselwano ezicutshungulwayo kwi-Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) ziguqula isimo sangaphambili kwaye zivelise urhulumente omtsha.

Ibhloko nganye ye-Ethereum iqulethe ixabiso elishwankathela imeko yangoku yenethiwekhi emva kwaloo bloko: i -stateRoot . Eli xabiso libonisa i-compact yelizwe lonke le-Ethereum, elibandakanya i-hash yeempawu ezingama-64.

Njengoko intengiselwano nganye entsha iguqula urhulumente, i-stateRoot erekhodiweyo kwibhloko elandelayo ihlaziywa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukubala eli xabiso, abaqinisekisi be-Ethereum basebenzisa ukudibanisa kwe-Keccak hash function kunye nesakhiwo sedatha esibizwa ngokuba yi -Merkle Tree ukucwangcisa nokushwankathela iindawo ezahlukeneyo zombuso.

Imisebenzi yeHash yimisebenzi yendlela enye eguqula igalelo libe yimveliso yobude obusisigxina. Kwi-Ethereum, imisebenzi ye-hash efana ne-Keccak isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izishwankathelo zedatha, ikhonza njengoluhlobo lweminwe yegalelo. Imisebenzi yeHash ineempawu ezine ezisisiseko:

1. Determinism : Igalelo elifanayo liya kuhlala livelisa imveliso efanayo.
2. Ubude besiphumo esisisigxina : Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubude begalelo, ubude bemveliso buhlala buhleli.
3. Ipropathi yendlela enye : Akwenzeki ngenene ukufumana igalelo loqobo kwimveliso.
4. Ubunye : Nokuba utshintsho oluncinci kwigalelo luvelisa imveliso eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngaloo ndlela, igalelo elithile lemephu kwisiphumo esikhethekileyo.

Ndiyabulela kule propati, i-Ethereum validators ingenza i-STF (i-State Transition Function) kwibhloko nganye-ukuqhuba zonke iintengiselwano kwibhloko kwaye ziyisebenzise kurhulumente-kwaye uqinisekise ukuba urhulumente oboniswe kwibhloko uhambelana nombuso ofunyenwe emva kwe-STF. . Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umcebisi webhloko wenze ngokunyanisekileyo, okwenza kube enye yeembopheleleko eziphambili ze-validators.

Nangona kunjalo, abaqinisekisi be-Ethereum abanalo lonke ilizwe ngokuthe ngqo ukufumana isishwankathelo sayo. Ngenxa yendlela enye yendalo ye-hash, ukubamba urhulumente ngokuthe ngqo kuya kuphelisa ukuqinisekiswa, njengoko ekuphela kwendlela yokuvelisa i-hash iya kuba kukuphatha ilizwe lonke.

Ekubeni i-Ethereum yelizwe i-terabytes ngobukhulu, akunakwenzeka ukugcina yonke i-state kwizixhobo zemihla ngemihla ezifana neefowuni okanye iikhomputha zomntu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-Ethereum isebenzisa isakhiwo somthi we-Merkle ukubala i-stateRoot, igcina ukuqinisekiswa kombuso kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Umthi we-Merkle lulwakhiwo lwedatha ye-cryptographic esetyenziselwa ukukhusela ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo ukuthembeka kunye nokuchaneka kwedatha. Imithi ye-Merkle yakhelwe phezu kwemisebenzi ye-hash kwaye iququzelele i-hashes ye-dataset ngokoluhlu, ivumela ukuqinisekiswa kwemfezeko kunye nokuchaneka kwale datha. Esi sakhiwo somthi siquka iindidi ezintathu zeendawo zokuhlala:

1. Amagqabi amagqabi : Ezi nodi ziqulethe i-hashes yedatha yedatha nganye kwaye ibekwe kwinqanaba elisezantsi lomthi. Igqabi ngalinye limele ihashi yedatha ethile kumthi weMerkle.
2. Iinqununu zesebe : Ezi nodi ziqulethe i-hashes edibeneyo yabantwana babo. Umzekelo, kumthi webinary Merkle (apho N=2), iihashes zeendawo ezimbini zomntwana ziyadityaniswa kwaye zikhawulezelwe kwakhona ukuvelisa ihashi yendawo yesebe kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
3. Root node : Ingcambu yengcambu ikwelona nqanaba liphezulu lomthi we-Merkle kwaye imele isishwankathelo se-cryptographic somthi wonke. Le node isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuchaneka kwayo yonke idatha engaphakathi komthi.

Ukuba uyazibuza ukuba ungawakha njani umthi onjalo, kubandakanya amanyathelo amabini alula:

• Ukudalwa kwenodi yeLeaf : Iqhekeza ngalinye ledatha licutshungulwa ngomsebenzi we-hash, kwaye i-hashes enesiphumo yenze i-leaf nodes. Ezi nodi resie kwinqanaba eliphantsi lomthi kwaye zimele isishwankathelo se-cryptographic yedatha.

• Dibanisa kunye ne-hash : I-hashes yamagqabi amaqabunga adibeneyo (umzekelo, ngababini) kwaye adityaniswe, alandelwe yi-hashing. Le nkqubo idala iindawo zesebe kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Inkqubo efanayo iyaphindwa kwiindawo zesebe kude kube yi-hash enye kuphela.

Ihashi yokugqibela efunyenwe phezulu komthi ibizwa ngokuba yingcambu yeMerkle. I-Merkle Root imele isishwankathelo se-cryptographic somthi wonke kwaye ivumela ukuqinisekiswa okukhuselekileyo kokuthembeka kwedatha.

Sisebenzisa njani iingcambu ze-Merkle ukuze siqinisekise imeko ye-Ethereum?

Ubungqina be-Merkle buvumela uMqinisekisi ukuba aqinisekise ngokufanelekileyo amaqhekeza athile edatha ngokubonelela ngoluhlu lwamaxabiso e-hash eyenza umendo osuka kwidatha ekujoliswe kuyo (indawo yegqabi) ukuya kwi -Merkle Root egcinwe kwi-block header. Olu luhlu lweehashes eziphakathi luvumela uMqinisekisi ukuba aqinisekise ubunyani bedatha ngaphandle kokufuna i-hash yonke imeko.

Ukuqala ukusuka kwindawo ethile yedatha, uMqinisekisi uyayidibanisa kunye ne-hash nganye "yomntakwethu" enikezelwe kwi-Merkle Proof kunye ne-hashes inyathelo-by-step phezulu komthi. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de kuveliswe ihashi enye. Ukuba le hash ibaliweyo ihambelana neMerkle Root egciniweyo, idatha ithathwa njengesebenzayo; ngenye indlela, uMqinisekisi unokugqiba ukuba idatha ayihambelani nelizwe elibango.

Umzekelo: Ukuqinisekisa indawo yedatha ngobungqina beMerkle

Masithi sifumene iDatha #4 kwi-RPC kwaye sifuna ukuqinisekisa ubunyani bayo sisebenzisa ubungqina beMerkle. Ukwenza oku, iRPC izakubonelela ngeseti yamaxabiso ehashi ecaleni kwendlela efunekayo ukufikelela kwiMerkle Root. KwiDatha yesi-4, ezi hashi zabazalwana ziya kubandakanya iHash #3, iHash #12, kunye neHash #5678.

1. Qala ngeDatha ye-4 : Okokuqala, sineDatha #4 ukufumana iHash #4.
2. Dibanisa nabantakwenu : Emva koko sidibanisa i-Hash #4 kunye ne-Hash #3 (umntakwabo kwinqanaba lamagqabi) kwaye sidibanise kunye nokuvelisa i-Hash #34.
3. Hambisa uMthi : Okulandelayo, sithatha i-Hash #34 kwaye siyidibanise ne-Hash #12 (umntakwabo kwinqanaba elilandelayo phezulu) kwaye i-hash ukuba ifumane i-Hash #1234.
4. Inyathelo lokugqibela : Ekugqibeleni, sidibanisa i-Hash #1234 kunye ne-Hash #5678 (umntakwenu wokugqibela onikeziweyo) kwaye i-hash kunye. I-hash enesiphumo kufuneka ihambelane ne-Merkle Root (Hash #12345678) egcinwe kwi-header block.

Ukuba iMerkle Root ehlanganisiweyo ihambelana neengcambu zombuso kwibhloko, siyaqinisekisa ukuba iData #4 iyasebenza kweli lizwe. Ukuba akunjalo, siyazi ukuba idatha ayiyoyelizwe elibangwayo, ebonisa ukuphazamisa okunokwenzeka. Njengoko ubona, ngaphandle kokubonelela nge-hashes yazo zonke iinkcukacha okanye ukufuna uMqinisekisi ukuba akhe kwakhona yonke i-Merkle Tree ukusuka ekuqaleni, i-Prover inokungqina ukuba i-Data #4 ikhona kwilizwe kwaye ayizange iguqulwe ngexesha lokuhamba kwayo-isebenzisa ezintathu kuphela. khawuleza. Esi sizathu esona sizathu sokuba i-Merkle Proofs ithathwa njengento efanelekileyo.

Ngelixa iMithi ye-Merkle ngokungathandabuzekiyo iyasebenza ekuboneleleni ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo idatha kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zebhloko ezifana ne-Ethereum, ngaba ngokwenene zisebenza ngokwaneleyo? Ukuphendula oku, kufuneka sihlalutye indlela ukusebenza kweMerkle Tree kunye nobukhulu obuchaphazela ngayo ubudlelwane beProver-Verifier.

Izinto ezimbini eziphambili ezichaphazela ukusebenza komthi weMerkle

1. I-Branching Facto r: Inani leendawo zokuhlala kwisebe ngalinye.
2. Ubungakanani bedatha iyonke : Ubungakanani bedata emelwe emthini.

Isiphumo se-branching factor:

Masisebenzise umzekelo ukuqonda ngcono impembelelo yawo. I-branching factor imisela ukuba mangaphi amasebe avela kwindawo nganye emthini.

• IFactor yeSebe eliNcinci (umzekelo, uMthi weBinary Merkle) : Ukuba iBinary Merkle Tree (i-branching factor ye-2) isetyenzisiwe, ubungakanani bobungqina buncinci kakhulu, okwenza inkqubo yokuqinisekisa isebenze ngakumbi kuMqinisekisi. Ngamasebe amabini kuphela kwindawo nganye, umQinisekisi ufuna kuphela ukuqhubekekisa umntakwenye ihashi kwinqanaba ngalinye. Oku kukhawuleza ukuqinisekiswa kwaye kunciphisa umthwalo wokubala. Nangona kunjalo, into encitshisiweyo ye-branching ikwandisa ubude bomthi, ifuna imisebenzi ye-hashing eninzi ngexesha lokwakhiwa komthi, onokuthi ube ngumthwalo kwii-validators.
• I-Branching Factor enkulu (umzekelo, i-4) : I-branching factor enkulu (umzekelo, i-4) iyanciphisa ukuphakama komthi, idala isakhiwo esifutshane kunye nobubanzi. Oku kuvumela iiNodes eziPheleleyo ukuba zakhe umthi ngokukhawuleza kuba imisebenzi ye-hash embalwa iyafuneka. Nangona kunjalo, kuMqinisekisi, oku kwandisa inani leeheshi zabantwana abaza kuzalana kufuneka basebenze kwinqanaba ngalinye, okukhokelela kubungakanani obukhulu bobungqina. I-hashes eyongezelelekileyo ngenyathelo ngalinye lokuqinisekisa ikwathetha iindleko eziphezulu zokubala kunye ne-bandwidth yoMqinisekisi, ngokufanelekileyo ukuhambisa umthwalo ukusuka kubaqinisekisi ukuya kubaqinisekisi.

Isiphumo sobungakanani bedatha iyonke

Njengoko i-blockchain ye-Ethereum ikhula, kunye nentengiselwano entsha nganye, inkontileka, okanye ukusebenzisana komsebenzisi ukongeza kwi-dataset, uMthi we-Merkle kufuneka ukwandise. Oku kukhula akunyusi nje ubukhulu bomthi kodwa kuchaphazela ubungakanani bobungqina kunye nexesha lokuqinisekisa.

• IiNodes ezipheleleyo kufuneka ziqhube kwaye zihlaziye idatha ekhulayo rhoqo ukuze kugcinwe uMthi weMerkle.
• Abaqinisekisi, nabo, kufuneka baqinisekise ubungqina obude kunye nobunzima ngakumbi njengoko i-dataset ikhula, ifuna ixesha elongezelelweyo lokucubungula kunye ne-bandwidth.

Ubungakanani bedatha obukhulayo bonyusa imfuno kuzo zombini iiNodes eziPheleleyo kunye nabaQinisekisi, okwenza kube nzima ukukala inethiwekhi ngokufanelekileyo. Isishwankathelo, ngelixa i-Merkle Trees inika i-degree of performance performance, iyasilela ekubeni sisisombululo esisiso kwi-dataset ye-Ethereum eqhubekayo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngexesha lesigaba se-Verge , i-Ethereum ijolise ekutshintsheni iMithi ye-Merkle kunye nesakhiwo esisebenzayo esibizwa ngokuba yiVerkle Trees . Imithi yeVerkle inamandla okuhambisa ubungakanani obuncinci bobungqina ngelixa igcina inqanaba elifanayo lokhuseleko, okwenza inkqubo yokuqinisekisa igcineke kwaye ihlaziywe kuzo zombini iiProver and Verifiers.

Umda: Ukuguqulela ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Ethereum

I-Verge yaphuhliswa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwindlela ye-Ethereum ejoliswe ekuphuculeni ukuqinisekiswa, ukuqinisa isakhiwo se-blockchain, kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi. Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum kukwenza ukuba nabani na akwazi ukuqhuba lula i-validator ukuqinisekisa ikhonkco, ukudala isakhiwo apho inxaxheba ivulekele wonke umntu ngaphandle kwe-centralization.

Ukufikeleleka kwale nkqubo yokuqinisekisa yenye yezinto eziphambili ezahlula i-blockchains kwiinkqubo eziphakathi. Ngelixa iinkqubo ezisembindini zingaboneleli ngezakhono zokuqinisekisa, ukuchaneka kwebhlokhi kusezandleni zabasebenzisi bayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina esi siqinisekiso, ukuqhuba i-validator kufuneka kufikeleleke kumntu wonke-umngeni othi, phantsi kwenkqubo yangoku, ulinganiselwe ngenxa yokugcina kunye neemfuno zokubala.

Ukususela ekutshintsheni kwimodeli yokuvumelana kobuQinisekiso kunye nokudibanisa , abaqinisekisi be-Ethereum babe neembopheleleko ezimbini eziphambili:

1. Ukuqinisekisa iMvumelwano : Ukuxhasa ukusebenza okufanelekileyo kwazo zombini iiprobabilistic kunye ne-deterministic consensus protocols kunye nokusebenzisa i-algorithm yokukhetha ifolokhwe.
2. Ukujonga ukuchaneka kweBhloko : Emva kokuphumeza intengiselwano kwibhloko, iqinisekisa ukuba ingcambu yesiphumo somthi wemeko ihambelana nengcambu yelizwe ebhengezwe ngumceli.

Ukuzalisekisa uxanduva lwesibini, abaqinisekisi kufuneka babe nokufikelela kurhulumente ngaphambi kwebhloko. Oku kubavumela ukuba baqhube iintengiselwano zebhloko kwaye bafumane imeko elandelayo. Nangona kunjalo, le mfuneko ibeka umthwalo onzima kwii-validators, njengoko kufuneka baphathe iimfuno ezibalulekileyo zokugcina.

Ngelixa i-Ethereum yenzelwe ukuba ibe nokwenzeka kwaye iindleko zokugcina ziye zancipha emhlabeni jikelele, umcimbi ungaphantsi malunga neendleko kunye nokunye malunga nokuthembela kwi-hardware ekhethekileyo ye-validators. I-Verge ijolise ekoyiseni lo mngeni ngokwenza isiseko apho ukuqinisekiswa okupheleleyo kunokwenziwa nakwizixhobo ezinokugcinwa okulinganiselweyo, njengeefowuni eziphathwayo, ii-wallets zebrowser, kunye ne-smartwatches, okwenza ukuba abaqinisekisi basebenze kwezi zixhobo.

Inyathelo lokuqala lokufezekisa ukuqinisekiswa: ukuqinisekiswa kombuso okusebenzayo

Ukutshintshela kwiVerkle Tree s yinxalenye ephambili yale nkqubo. Ekuqaleni, i-Verge igxininise ekutshintsheni izakhiwo ze-Ethereum ze-Merkle Tree kunye neMithi yeVerkle. Esona sizathu siphambili sokwamkela iMithi yeVerkle kukuba iMerkle Trees ibeka umqobo obalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni u-Ethereum. Ngelixa iMithi ye-Merkle kunye nobungqina bayo bunokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, ukusebenza kwayo kwehla kakhulu kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu .

Ngokwezibalo zikaVitalik, ubungakanani bobungqina obuphakathi bujikeleze i-4 KB , evakala ngathi iyalawuleka. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, ubungakanani bobungqina bunokuthi ibhaluni ukuya kwi -330 MB . Ewe, ufunde oko ngokuchanekileyo-330 MB.

Ukungasebenzi ngokugqithisileyo kweMithi ye-Ethereum ye-Merkle kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu kuvela kwizizathu ezibini eziphambili:

1. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithi ye-Hexary : I-Ethereum okwangoku isebenzisa iMithi ye-Merkle ene-branching factor 16. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqinisekiswa kwe-node eyodwa kufuna ukubonelela nge-15 eseleyo kwisebe. Ngenxa yobukhulu belizwe lika-Ethereum kunye nenani lamasebe, oku kudala umthwalo omkhulu kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu.

2. I-Non-Merkelization of Code : Esikhundleni sokubandakanya ikhowudi yekhontrakthi kwisakhiwo somthi, i-Ethereum ikhawuleza ikhowudi kwaye isebenzisa ixabiso elibangelwayo njenge-node. Ukuqwalasela ukuba obona bukhulu bemvumelwano bekhontrakthi yi- 24 KB , le ndlela ibeka umthwalo obalulekileyo wokuphumeza ukuqinisekiswa okupheleleyo.

Ubungakanani bobungqina buhambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwi-branching factor. Ukunciphisa i-branching factor kunciphisa ubungakanani bobungqina. Ukujongana nezi ngxaki kunye nokuphucula iimeko ezimbi kakhulu, i-Ethereum inokutshintsha ukusuka kwi-Hexary Trees ukuya kwi-Binary Merkle Trees kwaye iqalise iikhowudi zekhontrakthi ze-merklizing. Ukuba i-branching factor in Ethereum iyancitshiswa ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya kwi-2 kunye neekhowudi zekhontrakthi nazo zenziwe nge-merklized, ubukhulu bobungqina obuphezulu bunokunciphisa ukuya kwi -10 MB .

Ngelixa oku kuluphuculo olubonakalayo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le ndleko isebenza ekuqinisekiseni icandelo elinye ledatha . Nokuba intengiselwano elula yokufikelela kwiinxalenye ezininzi zedatha ingafuna ubungqina obukhulu. Ukunikezelwa kwenani leentengiselwano kwibhloko nganye kunye ne-Ethereum eqhubekayo yokukhula, esi sisombululo, ngelixa singcono, asisenakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo.

Ngenxa yezi zizathu, uluntu lwase-Ethereum lucebise izisombululo ezibini ezihlukeneyo zokujongana nomcimbi:

1. Imithi yeVerkle
2. Ubungqina obuqinileyo + Imithi yeBhinary Merkle

Imithi yeVerkle kunye nezibophelelo zevector

I-Verkle Tree s, njengoko igama libonisa, izakhiwo zomthi ezifana neMerkle Trees . Nangona kunjalo, owona mahluko ubalulekileyo ulele ekusebenzeni kakuhle abakunikezelayo ngexesha leenkqubo zokuqinisekisa. KwiMithi ye-Merkle , ukuba isebe liqulethe iingcezu ze-16 zedatha kwaye sifuna ukuqinisekisa enye yazo, i-hash chain egubungela ezinye iziqwenga ze-15 kufuneka zinikezelwe. Oku kwandisa kakhulu umthwalo wokubala wokuqinisekisa kwaye kubangele ubungakanani obukhulu bobungqina.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iMithi yeVerkle isebenzisa isakhiwo esikhethekileyo esaziwa ngokuba yi " Elliptic Curve-based Vector Commitments ", ngakumbi, i Inner Product Argument (IPA) -based Vector Commitment. I-vector luluhlu lwezinto zedatha ezicwangciswe ngokulandelelana okuthile. Imeko ka-Ethereum inokucingelwa njenge-vector: isakhiwo apho ezininzi iinkcukacha zedatha zigcinwa ngokulandelelana okuthile, into nganye ibalulekile. Eli lizwe liquka amacandelo edatha ahlukeneyo afana needilesi, iikhowudi zekhontrakthi, kunye nolwazi lokugcina, apho ukulandelelana kwezi zinto kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufikeleleni nasekuqinisekiseni.

Izibophelelo zeVector ziindlela ze-cryptographic ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa kunye nokuqinisekisa izinto zedatha ngaphakathi kwedatha. Ezi ndlela zivumela ukuqinisekiswa kokubini ubukho kunye nolandelelwano lwento nganye kwidathasethi ngaxeshanye. Ngokomzekelo, i-Merkle Proofs , esetyenziswe kwiMithi ye-Merkle, nayo inokuqwalaselwa njengendlela yokuZibophezela kweVector . Ngelixa Imithi ye-Merkle ifuna onke amakhonkco e-hash afanelekileyo ukuba aqinisekise into ethile, ulwakhiwo lungqina ngokwendalo ukuba zonke izinto ze-vector ziqhagamshelwe ngokulandelelana okuthile.

Ngokungafaniyo neMithi ye-Merkle, i-Verkle Trees isebenzisa izibophelelo ze-vector ezisekwe kwi-elliptic curve ezibonelela ngeenzuzo ezimbini eziphambili:

• Izibophelelo zevector esekwe kwigophe elisekwe kwigophe zisusa imfuno yeenkcukacha zezinye izinto ngaphandle kwedatha eqinisekisiweyo . KwiMithi ye-Merkle ene-branching factor ye-16, ukuqinisekiswa kwesebe elinye kufuna ukunika enye i-hashes ye-15. Ukunikezelwa kobukhulu obukhulu belizwe lika-Ethereum, elibandakanya amasebe amaninzi, oku kudala ukungasebenzi kakuhle. Izibophelelo zevector ezisekwe kwigophe, nangona kunjalo, zisuse obu bunzima, zivumela ukuqinisekiswa ngedatha encinci kunye nomzamo wokubala.
• Ngobungqina obuninzi, ubungqina obuveliswa yi-elliptic curve-based vector izibophelelo zinokucinezelwa zibe bubungqina obufanayo obufanayo . I-Ethereum karhulumente ayikho nje enkulu kodwa ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, oku kuthetha ukuba inani lamasebe afuna ukuqinisekiswa ukufikelela kwi-Merkle Root liyanda ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, ngeVerkle Trees, singakwazi "ukucinezela" ubungqina besebe ngalinye kubungqina obufanayo obufanayo sisebenzisa indlela echazwe kwinqaku likaDankrad Feist . Oku kuvumela abaQinisekisi ukuba baqinisekise umthi wonke ngobungqina obuncinane obunye endaweni yokuqinisekisa isebe ngalinye ngokwalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iMithi yeVerkle ayithinteki ngokukhula kombuso we-Ethereum.

Ezi mpawu zezibophelelo ze-vector ezisekelwe kwi-elliptic curve zinciphisa kakhulu inani ledatha efunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe, ivumela i-Verkle Trees ukuba ivelise ubungqina obuncinci, obungaguqukiyo nakwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu. Oku kunciphisa i-data overhead kunye namaxesha okuqinisekisa, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamanethiwekhi amakhulu afana ne-Ethereum. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwezibophelelo ze-vector ezisekelwe kwi-elliptic curve kwi-Verkle Trees kwenza ukuba kube lula ukulawula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-Ethereum yokwandisa imeko.

Njengazo zonke iinguqulelo ezintsha, iVerkle Trees inemida yayo. Enye yeengxaki zabo eziphambili kukuba baxhomekeke kwi-elliptic curve cryptography, esengozini kwiikhompyutha zequantum . Iikhompyuter ze-Quantum zinamandla amakhulu kakhulu okubala kuneendlela zakudala, ezibeka isoyikiso esibalulekileyo kwiiprothokholi ze-cryptographic ezisekwe kwigophe. I-Quantum algorithms inokuthi iphule okanye yenze buthathaka ezi nkqubo ze-cryptographic, iphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko lwexesha elide leMithi yeVerkle.

Ngesi sizathu, ngelixa i-Verkle Trees ibonelela ngesisombululo esithembisayo malunga nokungabi nalizwe, ayisisona lungiso lokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, amanani afana noDankrad Feist agxininise ukuba, ngelixa kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngenyameko xa kudityaniswa i-cryptography enganyangekiyo ye-quantum kwi-Ethereum, kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuba izibophelelo ze-KZG ezisetyenziselwa ama-blobs e-Ethereum nazo aziyi-quantum-resistant. Ngaloo ndlela, iMithi yeVerkle inokusebenza njengesisombululo sexeshana, inika inethiwekhi ixesha elongezelelweyo lokuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela ezinamandla.

Ubungqina obuqinileyo + Imithi yeBinary Merkle

Imithi yeVerkle inikezela ngobungakanani obuncinci bobungqina kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ezisebenzayo xa kuthelekiswa neMithi ye-Merkle, okwenza kube lula ukulawula imeko ye-Ethereum ehlala ikhula. Ndiyabulela kwii -Elliptic Curve-Based Vector Commitments , ubungqina obukhulu bunokuveliswa ngedatha encinci kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kweenzuzo zabo ezithandekayo, ukuba sesichengeni kweVerkle Trees kwiikhompyuter zequantum kubenza babe sisisombululo sexeshana kuphela.

Ngelixa uluntu lwase-Ethereum lubona i-Verkle Trees njengesixhobo sexesha elifutshane lokuthenga ixesha, ukugxila kwexesha elide kukutshintshela kwi -quantum-resistant solutions . Apha kulapho Ubungqina be-STARK kunye neMithi yeBinary Merkle zisazisa enye indlela eyomeleleyo yokwakha isiseko esinamandla sokuqinisekisa kwixesha elizayo.

Kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa urhulumente ka-Ethereum, i -branching factor ye-Merkle Trees ingancitshiswa (ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya kwi-2) ngokusebenzisa i-Binary Merkle Trees . Olu tshintsho linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokunciphisa ubungakanani bobungqina kunye nokwenza iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa zisebenze ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, nakweyona meko imbi kakhulu, ubungakanani bobungqina busenokufikelela kwi -10 MB , nto leyo ebalulekileyo. Kulapho Ubungqina be-STARK bungena khona, ukucinezela ezi ziQinisekiso ezinkulu zeBinary Merkle ukuya kwi -100-300 kB nje.

Olu phuculo lubaluleke kakhulu xa kuqwalaselwa imiqobo yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kubathengi abalula okanye izixhobo ezinehardware enyiniweyo, ngakumbi ukuba uthathela ingqalelo ukuba umndilili wokukhuphela wehlabathi jikelele kunye nezantya zokulayisha zimalunga ne-7.625 MB/s kunye ne-1.5 MB/s, ngokulandelanayo. Abasebenzisi banokuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana ngobungqina obuncinci, obuphathekayo ngaphandle kokufuna ukufikelela kwilizwe elipheleleyo, kwaye abaqinisekisi banokwenza imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ibhloko ngaphandle kokugcina ilizwe lonke.

Le ndlela-inzuzo emibini inciphisa zombini i-bandwidth kunye neemfuno zokugcina iziqinisekiso, ngelixa ukhawuleza ukuqinisekiswa, uphuculo oluphambili oluthathu oluxhasa ngokuthe ngqo umbono we-Ethereum wokunciphisa.

Imiceli mngeni engundoqo yobungqina obu-STARK

1. Umthwalo oPhakamileyo wokubala kubaQondisi : Inkqubo yokuvelisa ubungqina be-STARK inzima kakhulu, ngokukodwa kwicala leprover, elinokunyusa iindleko zokusebenza.
2. Ukungaphumeleli kwiiNkcazo zeDatha eziNcinci: Nangona ubungqina be-STARK bugqwesile ekuphatheni i-datasets enkulu, abenzi kakuhle xa bebonisa amanani amancinci edatha, enokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwiimeko ezithile. Xa ujongana neenkqubo ezibandakanya amanyathelo amancinci okanye iiseti zedatha, ubukhulu bobungqina bobukhulu bee-STARKs bunokubenza ukuba bangabizi kakhulu okanye bangabizi kakhulu.

Ukhuseleko lweQuantum luza ngexabiso: Iprover-Side computational load

Ibhloko ye-Merkle Proof inokubandakanya malunga ne -330,000 hashes, kwaye kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, eli nani linokuphakama ukuya kwi- 660,000 . Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ubungqina obuyi-STARK buya kufuna ukusetyenzwa malunga nama-200,000 eehashe ngesekhondi . Apha kulapho imisebenzi ye-hash ehambelana ne-zk efana ne-Poseidon ingena khona, ilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ubungqina be-STARK ukunciphisa lo mthwalo.

I-Poseidon yenzelwe ukusebenza ngokugqithisileyo kunye ne-ZK-proofs xa kuthelekiswa ne-hash algorithms yendabuko njenge -SHA256 kunye ne-Keccak . Esona sizathu siphambili sokuhambelana silele kwindlela i-hash algorithms esebenza ngayo: baqhuba amagalelo njengedatha yokubini (0 kunye no-1).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubungqina be-ZK busebenza kunye neenkalo eziphambili, izakhiwo zemathematika ezihluke ngokusisiseko. Le meko iyafana neekhompyuter ezisebenza kubini ngelixa abantu basebenzisa inkqubo yedesimali kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuguqulela i-bit-based data kwiifomathi ezihambelana ne-ZK kubandakanya i-computational overhead ebalulekileyo. I-Poseidon isombulula lo mbandela ngokusebenza ngokuzalwa ngaphakathi kwemimandla ephambili , ikhawulezisa ngokukhawuleza ukuhlanganiswa kwayo ne-ZK-proofs.

Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni i-Poseidon ingumsebenzi omtsha we-hash, idinga uhlalutyo olubanzi ngakumbi lokhuseleko ukuseka inqanaba elifanayo lokuzithemba njengemisebenzi ye-hash yendabuko efana ne-SHA256 kunye ne-Keccak. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amanyathelo afana nePoseidon Cryptanalysis Initiative , eyasungulwa yi-Ethereum Foundation, imema iingcali ukuba zivavanye ngokungqongqo kwaye zihlalutye ukhuseleko lwePoseidon, ziqinisekise ukuba ziyakwazi ukumelana nokuhlolwa kweentshaba kwaye zibe ngumgangatho oqinileyo wokusetyenziswa kwe-cryptographic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebenzi yakudala efana ne-SHA256 kunye ne-Keccak sele ihlolwe ngokubanzi kwaye inerekhodi yokhuseleko eqinisekisiweyo kodwa ayinayo i-ZK-friendly, okubangelwa ukuhla kokusebenza xa kusetyenziswa ngobungqina be-STARK.

Umzekelo, ubungqina be-STARK obusebenzisa le misebenzi ye-hashi yemveli okwangoku bunokuqhubekekisa kuphela i-10,000 ukuya kwi -30,000 yehashi. Ngethamsanqa, ukuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji ye-STARK icebisa ukuba le mveliso inokunyuka ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwi-100,000 ukuya kwi-200,000 yeehashes, iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-STARKs ekuboniseni idatha encinci

Ngelixa ubungqina be-STARK bugqwesa kwi-scalability kunye nokungafihli kwiiseti zedatha ezinkulu, babonisa imida xa besebenza ngezinto ezincinci kunye nezininzi zedatha. Kwezi meko, idatha engqinwayo ihlala incinci, kodwa imfuno yobungqina obuninzi ihlala ingatshintshi. Imizekelo ibandakanya:

1. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Post-AA transaction : Nge-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti (AA), ii-wallets zingakhomba ikhowudi yekhontrakthi, ukudlula okanye ukwenza ngokwezifiso amanyathelo afana ne-nonce kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwesignesha, okwangoku kunyanzelekile kwi-Ethereum. Nangona kunjalo, oku kubhetyebhetye ekuqinisekiseni kufuna ukujonga ikhowudi yekhontrakthi okanye enye idatha ehambelana nayo kurhulumente ukubonisa ubungqina bentengiselwano.
2. Umxhasi oKhanyayo we-RPC iminxeba : Abaxhasi bokukhanya babuza idata yelizwe kwinethiwekhi (umzekelo, ngexesha lesicelo se-eth_call) ngaphandle kokusebenzisa indawo egcweleyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwesi simo, ubungqina kufuneka buxhase idatha ebuzwayo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ihambelana nemeko yangoku yenethiwekhi.
3. Uluhlu lokubandakanywa : Iingqinisiso ezincinci zingasebenzisa iindlela zoluhlu olubandakanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuthengiselana kufakwe kwibhloko elandelayo, ukunciphisa impembelelo yabavelisi bebhloko abanamandla. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqinisekisa ukubandakanywa kwezi ntengiselwano kufuna ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuchaneka kwazo.

Kwiimeko ezinjalo zokusetyenziswa, ubungqina be-STARK bunika inzuzo encinci. I-STARKs, igxininisa ukulinganisa (njengoko kugxininiswe ngu-"S" egameni labo), baqhuba kakuhle kwiiseti zedatha enkulu kodwa bayazabalaza ngeemeko ezincinci zedatha. Ngokwahlukileyo, ii-SNARKs , ezenzelwe ukunyanzeliswa (njengoko kugxininiswe ngu "S" egameni labo), gxininisa ekunciphiseni ubungakanani bobungqina, ukubonelela ngeenzuzo ezicacileyo kwiindawo ezine-bandwidth okanye izithintelo zokugcina.

IZIQINISEKISO ZOKUQHELEKILEYO ziqhele ukuba yi-40–50 KB ngobukhulu, obumalunga nokuphinda -phindwe ka-175 kunobungqina be-SNARK, obuyi- 288 bytes kuphela. Lo mahluko wesayizi unyusa zombini ixesha lokuqinisekisa kunye neendleko zenethiwekhi. Esona sizathu siphambili sobungqina obukhulu be-STARKs kukuthembela kwabo elubala kunye nezibophelelo zepolynomial zokuqinisekisa ubungakanani, obuzisa iindleko zokusebenza kwiimo zedatha encinci. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iindlela ezikhawulezayo nezisebenzayo njengeMerkle Proofs zinokusebenza ngakumbi. I-Merkle Proofs inikezela ngeendleko eziphantsi zokubala kunye nohlaziyo olukhawulezayo, okwenza ukuba zilungele ezi meko.

Njengoko kushwankathelwe kwitheyibhile, i-Ethereum ineendlela ezine ezinokuthi ukhethe kuzo:

Imithi yeVerkle

1. Imithi yeVerkle ifumene inkxaso ebanzi kuluntu lwase-Ethereum, ngeentlanganiso ze-biweekly ezibanjelwe ukuququzelela uphuhliso lwabo. Ndiyabulela kulo msebenzi ongaguqukiyo kunye novavanyo, iVerkle Trees igqama njengesona sisombululo sivuthiweyo nesiphandwe kakuhle phakathi kwezinye iindlela zangoku. Ngaphezu koko, iipropathi zabo ezongeziweyo ze-homomorphic zisusa imfuno yokubuyisela isebe ngalinye ukuhlaziya ingcambu yelizwe, ngokungafaniyo neMithi ye-Merkle, eyenza i-Verkle Trees ibe yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izisombululo, iVerkle Trees igxininisa ukulula, ukubambelela kwimigaqo yobunjineli efana “nokuyigcina ilula” okanye “ilula yeyona ilungileyo.” Olu lula luququzelela kokubili ukuhlanganiswa kwi-Ethereum kunye nohlalutyo lokhuseleko.

2. Nangona kunjalo, i-Verkle Trees ayikhuselekile kwi-quantum, evimbela ukuba ibe sisisombululo sexesha elide. Ukuba idityaniswe kwi-Ethereum, le teknoloji iya kufuna ukutshintshwa kwixesha elizayo xa izisombululo ezichasene ne-quantum zifuneka. Nditsho neVitalik ijonga iVerkle Trees njengomlinganiselo wethutyana wokuthenga ixesha le-STARKs kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha bokukhula. Ukongezelela, izibophelelo ze-vector ezisekelwe kwi-elliptic curve ezisetyenziswa kwi-Verkle Trees zenza umthwalo ophezulu wokubala xa kuthelekiswa nemisebenzi elula ye-hashi. Iindlela ezisekwe kwiHash zinokubonelela ngamaxesha ongqamaniso olukhawulezayo lweenodi ezipheleleyo. Ngaphaya koko, ukuthembela kwimisebenzi emininzi ye-256-bit kwenza iVerkle Trees kube nzima ukubonisa ukusebenzisa i-SNARKs ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yobungqina yale mihla, ukwenza nzima iinzame zexesha elizayo zokunciphisa ubungakanani bobungqina.

   
   

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-Verkle Trees, ngenxa yokungathembeli kwayo kwi-hashing, ibonakala kakhulu kune-Merkle Trees.

STARKs + Conservative Hash Imisebenzi

1. Ukudibanisa i-STARKs kunye nemisebenzi ye-hash egciniweyo esekelwe kakuhle efana ne -SHA256 okanye i-BLAKE ibonelela ngesisombululo esomeleleyo esomeleza iziseko zokhuseleko ze-Ethereum. Le misebenzi ye-hash isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye yavavanywa ngokubanzi kuzo zombini imimandla yezifundo kunye nezenzo. Ukongeza, ukuxhathisa kwabo kwe-quantum kwandisa ukomelela kwe-Ethereum ngokuchasene nezoyikiso ezizayo ezibangelwa ziikhompyuter ze-quantum. Kwiimeko ezikhuselekileyo zokhuseleko, le ndibaniselwano inika isiseko esithembekileyo.

2. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi ye-hash egciniweyo kwiinkqubo ze-STARK kwazisa imida yokusebenza ebalulekileyo. Iimfuno zokubala zale misebenzi ye-hash zikhokelela kwi -prover latency ephezulu, kunye nokuveliswa kobungqina kuthatha imizuzwana ye-10. Le yeyona nto ingalunganga, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezinjengokuqinisekiswa kwebhloko efuna ixesha eliphantsi. Ngelixa iinzame ezifana nezindululo zerhasi ezininzi zizama ukulungelelanisa imeko embi kakhulu kunye ne-avareji ye-latency, iziphumo zilinganiselwe. Ukongeza, nangona iindlela ezisekwe kwi-hash zinokuququzelela amaxesha olungelelwaniso olukhawulezayo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwazo kunokungahambelani neenjongo ezibanzi ze-STARK's scalability. Amaxesha amade okubala kwimisebenzi ye-hash yemveli anciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye anciphise ukusetyenziswa kwawo.

   STARKs + Ngokunxulumene neMisebenzi yeHash emitsha

• I-STARKs ezidityaniswe nesizukulwana esitsha STARK-friendly imisebenzi yehashi (umz., Poseidon) iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kobu buchwepheshe. Le misebenzi ye-hash yenzelwe ukudibanisa ngokungenamthungo kunye neenkqubo ze-STARK kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu iprover latency . Ngokungafaniyo nemisebenzi ye-hash yemveli, yenza ukuba ubungqina buvelise imizuzwana nje eyi-1–2 . Ukusebenza kwabo kunye nentloko ephantsi yokubala kwandisa amandla okunyuka kwee-STARK, kubenza basebenze kakhulu ekuphatheni iiseti zedatha ezinkulu. Esi sikhundla sibenza bathandeke ngakumbi kwizicelo ezifuna ukusebenza okuphezulu.

• Nangona kunjalo, into entsha enxulumene nale misebenzi ye-hash ifuna uhlalutyo olubanzi lokhuseleko kunye novavanyo. Ukunqongophala kovavanyo olubanzi kwazisa imingcipheko xa kuqwalaselwa ukuphunyezwa kwazo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zendalo ezifana ne-Ethereum. Ukongezelela, ekubeni le misebenzi ye-hash ingekamkelwa ngokubanzi, uvavanyo olufunekayo kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa zinokulibazisa iinjongo zokuqinisekiswa kwe-Ethereum . Ixesha elifunekayo lokuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ukhuseleko lwabo lunokwenza olu khetho lungabi nomtsalane kwixesha elifutshane, olunokuthi luhlehlise i-Ethereum ye-scalability kunye neenjongo zokuqinisekisa.

  Imithi yeMerkle esekwe kwiLattice

1. Imithi ye-Merkle esekelwe kwi-Lattice inikezela ngesisombululo sokucinga phambili esidibanisa ukhuseleko lwe-quantum kunye nokuhlaziywa kwe-Verkle Trees. Ezi zakhiwo zijongana nobuthathaka beMithi yeVerkle kunye ne-STARKs kwaye zibhekwa njengendlela ethembisayo yexesha elide. Ngoyilo lwabo olusekelwe kwi-lattice, banikezela ukuchasana okunamandla kwi-quantum computing izoyikiso, ukulungelelanisa nokugxilwa kwe-Ethereum kwikamva-ubungqina be-ecosystem yayo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokugcina izibonelelo eziphuculweyo zeVerkle Trees, zijolise ekuhambiseni ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo ngaphandle kokuncama ukusebenza kakuhle.
2. Nangona kunjalo, uphando kwiMithi ye-Merkle esekwe kwi-lattice isekumanqanaba okuqala kwaye ubukhulu becala ithiyori. Oku kudala ukungaqiniseki okubonakalayo malunga nokuphunyezwa kwayo okubonakalayo kunye nokusebenza. Ukudibanisa isisombululo esinjalo kwi-Ethereum kuya kufuna uphando olubanzi kunye nophuhliso, kunye novavanyo olungqongqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe iingenelo zayo ezinokuthi zibe khona. Oku kungaqiniseki kunye nobunzima bezakhiwo zenza i-Lattice-based Merkle Trees ayinakwenzeka ukuba ibe yinto enokwenzeka kwi-Ethereum kwixesha elizayo elingekude, elinokuthi libambezele inkqubela phambili kwiinjongo zokuqinisekisa uthungelwano.

Kuthekani ngokubulawa: Ubungqina obusemthethweni bokubulawa kwe-EVM

Yonke into ebesiyixoxile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ijikeleza ekususeni imfuno yokuqinisekisa ukugcina imeko yangaphambili, abayisebenzisayo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Injongo kukudala indawo ebanzi ngakumbi apho abaqinisekisi banokwenza imisebenzi yabo ngaphandle kokugcina i-terabytes yedatha karhulumente.

Nokuba kukho izisombululo esizikhankanyileyo, abaqinisekisi abayi kudinga ukugcina ilizwe liphela, njengoko babeza kufumana yonke idatha efunekayo ukuze bagwetywe ngamangqina abandakanywe kunye nebhloko. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshintshela kwimeko elandelayo-kwaye ke uqinisekise i-stateRoot phezu kwebhloko-abaqinisekisi kufuneka baqhube i-STF ngokwabo. Le mfuneko, nayo, ibeka omnye umngeni kwindalo ye-Ethereum engenamvume kunye nokusabalalisa amagunya.

Ekuqaleni, i-Verge yayibonwa njengesiganeko esigxile kuphela ekutshintsheni umthi wombuso we-Ethereum ukusuka kwi -Merkle Trees ukuya kwi -Verkle Tree s ukuphucula ukuqinisekiswa kombuso. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, nangona kunjalo, iye yaguquka yaba linyathelo elibanzi elijolise ekwandiseni ukuqinisekiswa kweenguqu zikarhulumente kunye nokuvumelana . Ehlabathini apho i-trio ye-State, i-Execution, kunye ne-Consensus iqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo, abaqinisekisi be-Ethereum banokusebenza malunga naso nasiphi na isixhobo esinoqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi olunokuthi lubekwe njengoMthengi wokuKhanya . Oku kuya kusondeza i-Ethereum ekufezekiseni umbono wayo "wokunabisa amagunya okwenyaniso."

Yintoni ingxaki inkcazo, kwakhona?

Njengoko sichazile ngaphambili, abaqinisekisi benza umsebenzi obizwa ngokuba yi-STF (iState Transition Function) rhoqo ngemizuzwana ye-12. Lo msebenzi uthatha imeko yangaphambili kunye nebhloko njengamagalelo kwaye ivelise imeko elandelayo njengemveliso. Abaqinisekisi kufuneka baqhube lo msebenzi rhoqo xa ibhloko entsha icetywayo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba i-hash emele urhulumente phezu kwebhloko-ngokuqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yingcambu yelizwe -ilungile.

Iimfuno zenkqubo ephezulu yokuba ngumqinisekisi ngokuyinhloko zivela kwisidingo sokwenza le nkqubo ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuba ufuna ukuguqula ifriji ehlakaniphile -ewe, kunye nefriji-kwi-validator ye-Ethereum ngoncedo lwesoftware ethile efakiweyo, ujongene nemiqobo emibini emikhulu :

1. Isikhenkcisi sakho kusenokwenzeka ukuba asiyi kuba ne-intanethi ekhawulezayo ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ayizukwazi ukukhuphela idatha kunye nobungqina obufunekayo ukuze isetyenziswe nkqu nezisombululo zoqinisekiso lukarhulumente esixoxile ngalo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

2. Nokuba ibinokufikelela kwidatha eyimfuneko ye-STF, ayizukuba namandla okubala afunekayo ukwenza ufezekiso ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni okanye ukwakha umthi welizwe omtsha.

   
   

Ukusombulula imiba ebangelwa ngabaThengi boKhanya abangenakho ukufikelela kwimeko yangaphambili okanye kuyo yonke ibhloko yokugqibela, i-Verge iphakamisa ukuba umceli kufuneka enze ukubulawa aze aqhoboshele ubungqina kwibhloko. Obu bungqina buya kubandakanya inguqu ukusuka kwingcambu yombuso yangaphambili ukuya kwingcambu yombuso elandelayo kunye ne-hash yebhloko. Ngale nto, abaxhasi bokukhanya banokuqinisekisa utshintsho lwelizwe besebenzisa i-hashes ezintathu nje ze-32-byte , ngaphandle kokufuna i-zk-proof.

Nangona kunjalo, kuba obu bungqina busebenza ngeeheshi, kuya kuba yinto engalunganga ukuthi iqinisekisa kuphela utshintsho lukarhulumente . Ngokuchasene noko, ubungqina obuncanyathiselwe kwibhloko kufuneka buqinisekise izinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye :

Ingcambu yombuso kwibhloko yangaphambili = S, ingcambu yombuso kwibhloko elandelayo = S + 1,Block hash = H

1. Ibhloko ngokwayo kufuneka isebenze, kwaye ubungqina bombuso ngaphakathi kuyo-nokuba i-Verkle Proof okanye i-STARKs-kufuneka iqinisekise ngokuchanekileyo idatha ehamba kunye nebhloko. Ngamafutshane: Ukuqinisekiswa kwebhloko kunye nobungqina belizwe obuhambelanayo .
2. Xa i-STF isenziwa kusetyenziswa idatha efunekayo ekuphunyezweni kwaye ifakwe kwibhloko ehambelana no -H , idatha emele iguqulwe kurhulumente kufuneka ihlaziywe ngokuchanekileyo. Ngamafutshane: Ukuqinisekiswa kwenguqu yelizwe .
3. Xa umthi welizwe omtsha uphinde wakhiwa ngedatha ehlaziyiweyo ngokuchanekileyo, ixabiso layo lengcambu kufuneka lihambelane ne -S + 1 . Ngamafutshane: Ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo yokwakhiwa komthi .

Kuthelekiso lweProver-Verifier esithethe ngalo ngaphambili, ngokuqhelekileyo kulungile ukutsho ukuba kuhlala kukho ulungelelwaniso lwezibalo phakathi kwabadlali ababini. Ngelixa ukukwazi kobungqina obufunekayo ukwenza i STF iqinisekise ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye inika uncedo olubalulekileyo kuMqinisekisi , ikwabonisa ukuba ukuvelisa obo bungqina bokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokubulawa kuya kuba ngumngeni kuMqinisekisi . Ngesantya sangoku se-Ethereum, ibhloko ye-Ethereum kufuneka ibonakaliswe ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana ye-4 . Nangona kunjalo, neyona EVM ikhawulezayo iProver esinayo namhlanje inokungqina kuphela ibhloko ephakathi malunga nemizuzwana eli-15 .[1]

Oko kuthethiweyo, kukho iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo esinokuzithatha ukoyisa lo mngeni mkhulu:

1. Unxulumano ekuQinisekiseni kunye nokuHlanganisa : Enye yeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ZK-ubungqina bubuchule babo bokudityaniswa . Ukukwazi ukudibanisa ubungqina obuninzi bube bubungqina obunye, obubambeneyo bubonelela ngobuchule obukhulu ngokwexesha lokucubungula. Oku akunciphisi kuphela umthwalo kuthungelwano kodwa kukwakhawulezisa iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ngendlela yokwabela amagunya. Kwinethiwekhi enkulu efana ne-Ethereum, yenza isizukulwana esisebenzayo sobungqina kwibhloko nganye.

Ngexesha lokuvelisa ubungqina, yonke into encinci yenkqubo yokubulawa (umzekelo, amanyathelo okubala okanye ukufikelela kwidatha) inokungqinwa ngabanye, kwaye obu bungqina bunokuthi kamva budityaniswe kwisakhiwo esinye. Ngomatshini ochanekileyo, le ndlela ivumela ubungqina bebhloko ukuba budalwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngendlela yokwahlulahlulwa ngemithombo emininzi eyahlukeneyo (umzekelo, amakhulu eGPUs). Oku konyusa ukusebenza ngelixa kukwanegalelo kwinjongo yokwabela amagunya ngokubandakanya iqela elibanzi labathathi-nxaxheba.

2. Ukusebenzisa iiNkqubo zoBungqina obuLungisiweyo : Iinkqubo zobungqina besizukulwana esitsha zinamandla okwenza iinkqubo zokubala ze-Ethereum zikhawuleze kwaye zisebenze. Iinkqubo eziphambili ezifana ne -Orion , i-Binius , kunye ne-GKR inokunciphisa kakhulu ixesha le-prover kwi-computing yenjongo jikelele. Ezi nkqubo zijolise ekoyiseni imida yetekhnoloji yangoku, ukwandisa isantya sokusebenza ngelixa kudla izixhobo ezimbalwa. Kwi-scalability- kunye nenethiwekhi egxininise kakuhle njenge-Ethereum, ukulungiswa okunjalo kunika inzuzo ebalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwezi nkqubo zintsha kufuna uvavanyo olubanzi kunye neenzame zokuhambelana ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem.
3. Utshintsho kwiindleko zegesi : Ngokwembali, iindleko zegesi zokusebenza kwi-Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) zichazwe ngokuqhelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiindleko zabo zokubala . Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje, enye i-metric ifumene ukubaluleka: iprover complexit y. Ngelixa eminye imisebenzi ilula ukungqina, eminye inokwakheka okuntsokothileyo kwaye ithatha ixesha elide ukuyiqinisekisa. Ukulungelelaniswa kweendleko zerhasi kungekuphela nje ngokusekwe kwimizamo yokubala kodwa nakubunzima bobungqina bokusebenza kubalulekile ekwandiseni zombini ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenethiwekhi.

Le ndlela inokunciphisa i-gap phakathi kweemeko ezimbi kakhulu kunye ne-avareji yeemeko , ivumela ukusebenza okufanayo. Umzekelo, imisebenzi ekunzima ukuyingqina inokuba neendleko eziphezulu zerhasi, ngelixa ezo kulula ukuzingqina zinokuba neendleko eziphantsi. Ukongezelela, ukutshintshwa kwezakhiwo zedatha ye-Ethereum (njengomthi wombuso okanye uluhlu lwentengiselwano ) kunye ne -STARK-friendly alternatives kunokuqhubela phambili ukukhawuleza iinkqubo zobungqina. Utshintsho olunjalo luya kunceda i-Ethereum ifezekise iinjongo zayo zokulinganisa kunye nokhuseleko ngelixa isenza umbono wayo wokuqinisekiswa ube yinyani.

Iinzame ze-Ethereum zokwenza ubungqina bokubulawa bumele ithuba elibalulekileyo lokufikelela kwiinjongo zokuqinisekisa. Nangona kunjalo, ukufikelela kolu sukelo kufuna kungekuphela nje ubugcisa obutsha kodwa nokwandisa iinzame zobunjineli kunye nezigqibo ezibalulekileyo kuluntu. Ukwenza iinkqubo zokuphunyezwa ziqinisekiswe kuLuleko loku-1 kufuneka lulinganise phakathi kokufikeleleka kubasebenzisi ngokubanzi ngelixa kugcinwa ukunatyiswa kwamagunya kunye nokulungelelaniswa neziseko ezikhoyo.

Ukuseka olu lungelelwaniso kwandisa ukuntsonkotha kweendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubungqina bemisebenzi ngexesha lokwenziwa, kuqaqambisa imfuneko yokuqhubela phambili njengokuveliswa kobungqina obunxuseneyo . Ukongeza, iimfuno zeziseko zophuhliso ezi teknoloji (umzekelo, iitheyibhile zokujonga ) kufuneka ziphunyezwe kwaye zisetyenziswe, nto leyo isafuna uphando nophuhliso olumandla.

Kwelinye icala, iisekethe ezikhethekileyo (umzekelo, ii-ASIC, ii-FPGAs, ii-GPU) eziyilelwe ngokukodwa imisebenzi ethile zibambe amandla abalulekileyo okukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuvelisa ubungqina. Ezi zisombululo zibonelela ngobuchule obuphezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zemveli kwaye zinokukhawulezisa iinkqubo zokwenziwa.

Nangona kunjalo, iinjongo ze-Ethereum zokwahlulwa kolawulo kwinqanaba le-Layer 1 zithintela i-hardware enjalo ukuba ifikeleleke kwiqela elikhethiweyo labadlali. Ngenxa yoko, ezi zisombululo kulindeleke ukuba zibone ukusetyenziswa okubanzi ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zeLayer 2. Nangona kunjalo, uluntu kufuneka lufikelele kwimvumelwano kwiimfuno zehardware zokuvelisa ubungqina.

Kuvela umbuzo ophambili woyilo: ngaba imveliso yobungqina kufuneka isebenze kwihardware yodidi lwabathengi njengeelaptops ezikumgangatho ophezulu, okanye kufuneka iziseko zophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso? Impendulo ibumba yonke i-architecture ye-Ethereum - ivumela ukulungelelaniswa okunamandla kwizisombululo ze-Layer 2 ngelixa ifuna iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zoLuleko loku-1.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuphunyezwa kobungqina bokubulawa kuboshwe ngokuthe ngqo kwezinye iinjongo zendlela ye-Ethereum. Ukungeniswa kobungqina bobunyani akuyi kuxhasa kuphela iikhonsepthi ezifana nokungabi nalizwe kodwa kukwaphucula ukunatyiswa kwe-Ethereum ngokwenza iindawo ezinje nge-solo staking zifikeleleke ngakumbi. Injongo kukuvumela ukuba ubambe nkqu nezona zixhobo zisezantsi. Ukongezelela, ukulungiswa kwakhona kweendleko zegesi kwi-EVM ngokusekelwe kubunzima bokubala kunye nokubonakala kunokunciphisa i-gap phakathi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kunye neemeko ezimbi kakhulu .

Nangona kunjalo, olo tshintsho lunokwaphula umva ukuhambelana nenkqubo yangoku kwaye lunyanzelise abaphuhlisi ukuba baphinde babhale ikhowudi yabo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuphunyezwa kobungqina bokubulawa akukona nje umngeni wezobuchwepheshe-luhambo olumele lwenzelwe ukugcina ixabiso lexesha elide lika-Ethereum.

Inyathelo lokugqibela lokuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo: Imvumelwano

Indlela yemvumelwano ka-Ethereum izama ukuseka ibhalansi eyodwa egcina ukunatyiswa kwamagunya kunye nokufikeleleka ngelixa ifezekisa iinjongo zokuqinisekisa. Kwesi sikhokelo, iindlela zemvumelwano enokwenzeka kunye neyokuqinisekisa zibonelela ngeengenelo kunye nemingeni eyahlukileyo.

Iimvumelwano ezinokwenzeka zakhiwe phezu kwemodeli yonxibelelwano oluhlebayo. Kulo mzekelo, endaweni yokunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nazo zonke iindawo ezimele inethiwekhi, i-node yabelana ngolwazi kunye nesethi ekhethiweyo ekhethiweyo ye-64 okanye i-128 nodes. Ukukhetha ikhonkco le-node kusekelwe kolu lwazi luncinci, oluzisa ukuba nokwenzeka kwempazamo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko i-blockchain iqhubela phambili, ezi zikhetho zilindeleke ukuba ziguqukele kwikhonkco elichanekileyo nge-0% yezinga lempazamo.

Enye inzuzo yesakhiwo esinokwenzeka kukuba i-node nganye ayisasazi imbono yayo yekhonkco njengomyalezo ohlukeneyo, ukunciphisa unxibelelwano olungaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, ulwakhiwo olunjalo lunokusebenza ngeendawo ezingenamvume kakhulu, ezinatyisiweyo ezineemfuno zenkqubo esezantsi.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuvumelana okuqinisekileyo kusebenza ngemodeli yonxibelelwano lomntu wonke . Apha, i-node ithumela umbono wayo wekhonkco njengevoti kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo. Le ndlela ivelisa ubuninzi bomyalezo ophezulu, kwaye njengoko inani lee-nodes likhula, inkqubo inokufikelela ekugqibeleni kwimida yayo.

Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo enkulu yemvumelwano eqinisekileyo kukufumaneka kweevoti eziphathekayo, okukuvumela ukuba wazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba yeyiphi i-node evotelwe ukuba yeyiphi ifolokhwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukugqityezelwa kwekhonkco elikhawulezayo neliqinisekileyo, kuqinisekisa ukuba iibhloko azinakutshintshwa ulandelelwano lwazo kwaye zizenze ziqinisekiseke.

Ukubonelela ngenkqubo yokuvumelana okuqinisekisiweyo ngelixa ugcina ukunatyiswa kunye nesakhiwo esingenamvume, i-Ethereum iye yabetha ibhalansi phakathi kwe-slots kunye ne-epochs. I-Slots, emele i-12-second intervals, ziiyunithi ezisisiseko apho i-validator inoxanduva lokuvelisa ibhloko. Nangona imvumelwano enokwenzeka esetyenziswe kwinqanaba le-slot ivumela ukuba ikhonkco lisebenze ngokuguquguqukayo ngakumbi kwaye ngendlela yokwahlula amagunya, inemida ngokubhekiselele kumyalelo ochanekileyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa.

I-Epochs, ebandakanya iindawo zokubeka ezingama-32, yazisa imvumelwano eqinisekileyo. Kule nqanaba, abaqinisekisi bavotela ukugqibezela umyalelo wekhonkco, ukuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokwenza ukuba ikhonkco liqinisekiswe. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa olu lwakhiwo lokumisela lubonelela ngokuqinisekisa ngeevoti eziphathekayo kwinqanaba le-epoch, alukwazi ukunika ukuqinisekiswa okupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwexesha ngokwalo ngenxa yesakhiwo esinokwenzeka. Ukujongana nesi sikhewu kunye nokomeleza ubume obunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kweepochs, u-Ethereum uphuhlise isisombululo esaziwa ngokuba yiKomiti yeSync.

IProtokholi yoMthengi oKhanya waseAltair: IKomiti yoLungelelaniso

IKomiti yoQhagamshelwano yindlela eyaziswa ngokuphuculwa kweAltair ukoyisa imida yemvumelwano enokwenzeka ye-Ethereum kunye nokuphucula ukuqinisekiswa kwekhonkco kubathengi bokukhanya. Ikomiti iqulethwe ngama-512 aqinisekisiweyo akhethwe ngokungacwangciswanga asebenza kwii-256 epochs (~ iiyure ze-27). Aba baqinisekisi bavelisa utyikityo olumele intloko yekhonkco, ukuvumela abaxhasi bokukhanya ukuba baqinisekise ubunyani bekhonkco ngaphandle kokufuna ukukhuphela idatha yekhonkco yembali. Ukusebenza kweKomiti yeSync kunokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukuqulunqwa kweKomidi : I-512 yokuqinisekisa ikhethwe ngokungenamkhethe kubo bonke abaqinisekisayo kwinethiwekhi. Olu khetho luhlaziywa rhoqo ukuze kugcinwe ukunikezelwa kwamagunya kunye nokuthintela ukuthembela kwiqela elithile.
2. Isizukulwana soMsayino : Amalungu ekomiti avelisa utyikityo olumele imeko yamva nje yekhonkco. Olu tyikityo lutyikityo lwe-BLS oludityanisiweyo olwenziwe ngamalungu kwaye lusetyenziselwa ukungqinisisa ubunyani betsheyini.
3. Ukuqinisekiswa koMthengi oKhanya : Abathengi abakhanyayo banokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwekhonkco ngokujonga nje utyikityo olusuka kwiKomiti yoLungelelaniso. Oku kubavumela ukuba balandele ngokukhuselekileyo ikhonkco ngaphandle kokukhuphela idatha yekhonkco elidlulileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, iKomiti yeSync ibe phantsi kokugxekwa kwezinye iindawo. Ngokucacileyo, iprotocol ayinayo indlela yokusika iziqinisekiso zokuziphatha okungalunganga , nokuba ngaba abaqinisekisi abakhethiweyo benza ngabom ngokuchasene neprotocol. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi bacinga ukuba iKomiti ye-Sync ibe yingozi yokhuseleko kwaye igweme ukuyibeka ngokupheleleyo njengeProtocol yoMthengi wokuKhanya . Nangona kunjalo, ukhuseleko lweKomiti yoLungelelaniso luye lwangqinwa ngokwemathematika , kwaye iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe zinokufumaneka kweli nqaku malunga ne-Sync Committee Slashings .

Ukungabikho kwendlela yokusika kwiprothokholi ayilokhetho loyilo kodwa luyimfuneko evela kubume bemvumelwano enokwenzeka. Imvumelwano enokwenzeka ayinikezeli ziqinisekiso ezipheleleyo malunga noko kubonwa ngumqinisekisi. Nokuba uninzi lwabaqinisekisi baxela ifolokhwe ethile njengeyona inzima, kusenokubakho abaqinisekisi abakhethekileyo abajonga ifolokhwe eyahlukileyo njengobunzima. Oku kungaqiniseki kwenza kube nzima ukubonisa injongo ekhohlakeleyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, akunakwenzeka ukohlwaya ukuziphatha kakubi.

Kulo mongo, kunokuba ubhale iKomiti yoQoqosho njengengakhuselekanga, kuya kuchaneka ngakumbi ukuyichaza njengesisombululo esingasebenziyo. Umba awusuki kuyilo okanye ukusebenza komatshini weKomiti ye-Sync kodwa kwimeko yendalo yemvumelwano enokwenzeka. Kuba imvumelwano enokwenzeka ayinako ukunika iziqinisekiso eziqinisekileyo malunga nokubonwa iindawo zokuhlala, iKomiti ye-Sync sesinye sezona zisombululo zilungileyo ezinokuyilwa ngaphakathi kwemodeli enjalo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuphelisi buthathaka bemvumelwano enokwenzeka ekuqinisekiseni ukugqityezelwa kwekhonkco. Ingxaki ayikho kwindlela kodwa ngaphakathi kwe-Ethereum yesakhiwo sokuvumelana ngoku.

Ngenxa yolu thintelo, kukho iinzame eziqhubekayo kwi-Ethereum ecosystem yokuphinda kuhlengahlengiswe indlela yokuvumelana kunye nokuphumeza izisombululo ezibonelela ngokugqityezelwa kwexesha elifutshane. Izindululo ezifana ne -Orbit-SSF kunye ne-3SF zijolise ekumiseni ngokutsha ulwakhiwo lwemvumelwano ye-Ethereum ukusuka phezulu, ukudala inkqubo esebenzayo yokubuyisela imvumelwano enokwenzeka. Ezo ndlela zokusebenzela azifuni nje ukucutha ixesha lokugqibela letsheyini kodwa nokunikezela ngobume obusebenzayo noqinisekiso lothungelwano. Uluntu lwase-Ethereum luyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ngokusebenzayo kunye nokulungiselela ezi ziphakamiso zokuphunyezwa kwexesha elizayo.

Ukunyanzeliswa kweMvumelwano

I-Verge ijolise ekuphuculeni iindlela ze-Ethereum zangoku kunye nezexesha elizayo ngokuzenza ziqinisekiswe ngakumbi ngeteknoloji ye-zk-proof, kunokuba zitshintshe ngokupheleleyo. Le ndlela ifuna ukuhlaziya iinkqubo ze-Ethereum zokuvumelana ngelixa igcina imigaqo yayo engundoqo yokwabiwa kwamagunya kunye nokhuseleko. Ukuphucula zonke iinkqubo zembali kunye neemvumelwano zangoku ze-chain kunye nobuchwepheshe be-zk budlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni iinjongo ze-Ethereum ze-scalability kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Imisebenzi eyisiseko esetyenziswe kwi-Ethereum yokuvumelana kwe-ethereum ibaluleke kakhulu kule nguqu yezobuchwepheshe. Makhe sijonge ngakumbi kule misebenzi kunye nemingeni abajongene nayo.

• Ii-ECDDs :
• Injongo : Lo msebenzi usetyenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izitshixo zikawonke-wonke zokuqinisekisa kwaye ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle kwetsheyini. Enkosi kubume obudityanisiweyo botyikityo lwe-BLS, iisignesha ezininzi zinokudityaniswa kwisakhiwo esinye. Oku kunciphisa unxibelelwano olungaphezulu kwaye kwenza iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa kwikhonkco zisebenze ngakumbi. Ukuqinisekisa ungqamaniso phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu okuqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo kwenza lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu.
• Imingeni : Njengoko kukhankanywe ngaphambili, abaqinisekisi be-Ethereum bavotela umyalelo wekhonkco ngexesha leepochs. Namhlanje, i-Ethereum yinethiwekhi emalunga ne -1.1 yezigidi ze-validators . Ukuba bonke abaqinisekisi bazame ukusasaza iivoti zabo ngaxeshanye, oko kuya kudala uxinzelelo olukhulu kwinethiwekhi. Ukuze ugweme oku, i-Ethereum ivumela abaqinisekisi ukuba bavote kwisiseko se-slot ngexesha lexesha, apho kuphela i-1/32 yabo bonke abaqinisekisi bavotela indawo nganye. Ngelixa le ndlela inciphisa unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi ngaphezulu kwaye yenza imvumelwano isebenze ngakumbi, inikwe inani le-validator yanamhlanje, malunga ne -34,000 yeevoti zokuqinisekisa kwindawo nganye. Oku kuguqulela malunga ne -34,000 ye-ECDD imisebenzi kwindawo nganye .
• Izibini :
• Injongo : Imisebenzi yokudibanisa isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekiswa kweesignesha ze-BLS , ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kweepochs kwikhonkco. Lo msebenzi uvumela ukuqinisekiswa kwebhetshi yemisayino. Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyo -zk-friendly , iyenza ukuba kubize kakhulu ukubonisa ubungqina bokusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-zk-proof. Oku kuzisa umngeni omkhulu ekudaleni inkqubo yoqinisekiso ehlanganisiweyo enobuchwephesha obungenalwazi.
• Imingeni : Imisebenzi yokudibanisa e-Ethereum ilinganiselwe kubungqina obuphezulu be-128 (iisignesha ezihlanganisiweyo) kwi-slot nganye, okubangela ukuba imisebenzi yokudibanisa embalwa xa kuthelekiswa nee-ECDDs. Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kobuhlobo be-zk kule misebenzi kubangela umngeni omkhulu. Ukubonisa umsebenzi wokubhanqa kunye ne-zk-proofs ngamawaka amaxesha abiza ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-ECDD [2]. Oku kwenza ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi yokudibanisa kwi-zero-knowledge technologies enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kwiinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwe-Ethereum.
• SHA256 IiHashes :
• Iinjongo e: Imisebenzi ye-hash ye-SHA256 isetyenziselwa ukufunda nokuhlaziya isimo sekhonkco, ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwedatha yekhonkco. Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kwabo kwe-zk-friendly kukhokelela ekungaphumeleli kweenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ezisekelwe kwi-zk-proof, ezibeka umqobo omkhulu kwiinjongo zokuqinisekiswa kwexesha elizayo ze-Ethereum.
• Imiceli mngeni : Imisebenzi ye-hash ye-SHA256 isetyenziswa rhoqo ukufunda kunye nokuhlaziya imeko yekhonkco. Nangona kunjalo, i-zk-unfriendliness yabo iphikisana ne-Ethereum ye-zk-proof-based verification iinjongo. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi kweepochs ezimbini, i-validator nganye iqhuba i-STF ye-Consensus Layer ye-Ethereum ukuhlaziya urhulumente kunye nemivuzo kunye nezohlwayo ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni kokuqinisekisa ngexesha lexesha. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimisebenzi ye-hash ye-SHA256, inyusa kakhulu iindleko kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-zk. Oku kudala umqobo omkhulu wokulungelelanisa indlela yokuvumelana kwe-Ethereum kunye nobuchwepheshe be-zk.

Imisebenzi ye-ECDD, i-Pairing, kunye ne-SHA256 esetyenziswe kwinqanaba leemvumelwano zangoku lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinjongo zokuqinisekiswa kwe-Ethereum. Nangona kunjalo, ukunqongophala kwabo kwe-zk-friendly kubangela imingeni ebalulekileyo kwindlela yokuphumeza ezi njongo. Imisebenzi ye-ECDD idala umthwalo weendleko ngenxa yomthamo ophezulu weevoti ze-validator, ngelixa imisebenzi yokuBambisana, nangona imbalwa ngenani, ingamawaka amaxesha abiza kakhulu ukubonisa nge-zk-proofs.

Ukongeza, i-zk-ukungabikho kobuhlobo be-SHA256 imisebenzi ye-hash yenza ukungqina inguqu ye-beacon chain's state ibengumngeni kakhulu. Le miba igxininisa imfuneko yokuguqulwa okubanzi ukulungelelanisa iziseko ezikhoyo ze-Ethereum kunye ne-zero-knowledge teknoloji.

Isisombululo "I-Beam Chain": Ukucinga kwakhona i-Ethereum's Consensus Layer

Ngomhla we-12 kaNovemba ka-2024, ngexesha lokubonisa kwakhe kwi-Devcon, u-Justin Drake wazisa isiphakamiso esibizwa ngokuba yi- "Beam Chain " ejoliswe ekuguquleni ngokusisiseko nangokubanzi i-Ethereum's Consensus Layer. I-Chain ye-Beacon ibe ngundoqo kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethereum phantse iminyaka emihlanu. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, akukho tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwesakhiwo kwi-Beacon Chain. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji iqhubele phambili ngokukhawuleza, idlula kude indalo emileyo ye-Beacon Chain.

Kwintetho yakhe, u-Justin Drake wagxininisa ukuba u-Ethereum uye wafunda izifundo ezibalulekileyo kule minyaka mihlanu kwiinkalo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokuqonda kwe-MEV , ukuphumelela kwi-teknoloji ye-SNARK , kunye nokuqonda okuphindaphindiweyo kweempazamo zobuchwepheshe . Uyilo oluziswa koku kufunda okutsha luhlelwe ngokweentsika ezintathu eziphambili: I-Block Production , i-Staking , kunye ne-Cryptography . Lo mboniso ulandelayo ushwankathela olu yilo kunye nemephu yendlela ecetywayo:

• Iibhokisi eziluhlaza nezingwevu zimele uphuhliso olongezelelekileyo olunokuthi luphunyezwe nganye ngonyaka. Ezi ntlobo zokuphucula, ezifana nokuphuculwa kwangaphambili, zinokudibaniswa inyathelo ngesinyathelo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa i-architecture ekhoyo ye-Ethereum.

• Iibhokisi ezibomvu , ngakolunye uhlangothi, zibonisa i-high-synergy , enkulu , kunye notshintsho olusisiseko ekufuneka luphunyezwe kunye. Ngokutsho kukaDrake, olu tshintsho lujolise ekuqhubeleni phambili amandla ka-Ethereum kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwinqanaba elinye elikhulu.

  
  

Kweli candelo, siye sahlolisisa i-Verge's Consensus, i-State , kunye namanyathelo okuSebenza ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ezibonakaliswe ngexesha le nkqubo kukusetyenziswa kwe- SHA256 ye-hashing kwi-Ethereum's Beacon Chain. Nangona i-SHA256 idlala indima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi kunye nokuqhuba ukuthengiselana, ukungabikho kobuhlobo be-zk kubangela umqobo omkhulu ekufezekiseni iinjongo zokuqinisekiswa kwe-Ethereum. Iindleko zayo eziphezulu zokubala kunye nokungahambelani nobuchwepheshe be-zk kwenza kube ngumcimbi obalulekileyo omele ulungiswe kwi-Ethereum yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo.

Imephu yendlela kaJustin Drake, evezwe ngexesha lentetho yakhe ye-Devcon, ibona ukutshintshwa kwe-SHA256 kwi-Beacon Chain kunye nemisebenzi ye-hash efana ne-zk efana ne -Poseidon . Esi siphakamiso sijolise ekuphuculeni umgangatho we-Ethereum wokuvumelana, okwenza ukuba kuqinisekiswe ngakumbi, kusebenze, kwaye kuhambelane nobuchwepheshe be-zk-proof.

Kulo mongo, siyabona ukuba i-Ethereum ayijongani kuphela nemingeni kunye nemisebenzi ye-hash engathandekiyo ye-zk kodwa kufuneka iphinde ihlolisise iisignesha zedijithali ezisetyenziswe kwisivumelwano sayo sokhuseleko lwexesha elide. Ngokuqhubela phambili kwe-quantum computing, utyikityo lwedijithali olufana ne -ECDSA olusetyenziswayo ngoku lunokujongana nezoyikiso ezinkulu. Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwizikhokelo ezipapashwe yi -NIST , ukwahluka kwe-ECDSA enenqanaba lokhuseleko le-112-bit kuya kuthotywa ngo-2030 kwaye kuvalwe ngokupheleleyo ngo-2035 . Oku kufuna inguqu ye-Ethereum kunye nothungelwano olufanayo ukuya kwiindlela ezinokuthi zomelele ezifana nokutyikitya okukhuselekileyo kwe-quantum kwixesha elizayo.

Ngeli xesha, iisignesha ezisekelwe kwi-hash zivela njengezisombululo ezinokumelana ne-quantum ezinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni ukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi kunye neenjongo zokuqinisekisa. Ukujongana nale mfuno kwakhona kususa umqobo wesibini omkhulu ekwenzeni i-Beacon Chain iqinisekiswe: IiSiginitsha ze-BLS . Elinye lawona manyathelo abalulekileyo u-Ethereum anokuthi awathathe ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwe-quantum kwamkela izisombululo ze-post-quantum ezifana neesignesha ezisekelwe kwi-hash kunye nee-SNARK ezisekelwe kwi-hash .

Njengoko uJustin Drake wagxininisa kwinkcazo yakhe ye-Devcon , imisebenzi ye-hash iyaxhathisa ngokwendalo kwiikhomputha ze-quantum ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwazo ekuchaseni umfanekiso wangaphambi komfanekiso, ozenza enye yeebhloko zokwakha ezisisiseko ze-cryptography yanamhlanje. Le propati iqinisekisa ukuba iikhompyuter ze-quantum azikwazi ngokufanelekileyo ukubuyisela umva-injineli yegalelo lokuqala ukusuka kwi-hash enikiweyo, zigcina ukhuseleko lwazo.

Iinkqubo zesignesha ezisekelwe kwi-Hash zivumela abaqinisekisi kunye nabangqineli ukuba bavelise iisayinwe ngokupheleleyo ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi ye-hash, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwe-post-quantum ngelixa libonelela ngezinga eliphezulu lokuqinisekisa kuwo wonke umnatha-ingakumbi ukuba i-SNARK-friendly function ye-hash isetyenziswa. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi kodwa yenza ukuba iziseko zokhuseleko zexesha elide ze-Ethereum zibe namandla kunye nobungqina bexesha elizayo.

Le nkqubo ixhomekeke ekudibaniseni iisignesha ezisekelwe kwi-hash kunye nee-SNARK ezisekelwe kwi-hash (ubungqina obufana ne-STARK) ukudala izikimu zokutyikitya ezidibeneyo . Utyikityo oludityanisiweyo lucinezela amawaka emisayino kwisakhiwo esinye, inciphisa ibe ngamakhulu ambalwa eekhilobhayithi zobungqina. Olu xinzelelo lunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wedatha kwinethiwekhi ngelixa kukhawulezisa iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa. Ngokomzekelo, amawaka eesayinwe ze-validator eziveliswa kwi-slot enye kwi-Ethereum inokumelwa yisignesha edibeneyo, egcina indawo yokugcina kunye namandla okubala.

Nangona kunjalo, olona phawu lubalaseleyo kolu cwangciso kukudityaniswa kwayo okuphindaphindayo okungapheliyo . Oko kukuthi, elinye iqela lemisayino linokudityaniswa ngakumbi phantsi kwelinye iqela, kwaye le nkqubo inokuqhubeka ngapha kwekhonkco. Ngale ndlela kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yexesha elizayo, kulungile ukuthi oku kuvula ucango lwezinto ezinokwenzeka ezingenakufezekiswa ngoku nge-BLS.

Ukuqukumbela

Indlela kaEthereum yokuqinisekisa imele utshintsho olusisiseko kwitekhnoloji yebhloko. Inyathelo leVerge lijongana nokungasebenzi kakuhle ngeVerkle Trees yokuqinisekiswa kombuso kunye nobungqina obu-STARK botshintsho olunokwehla.

Esinye sezona ziphakamiso ezinqwenelekayo yi- Beam Chain , ukulungiswa ngokutsha okubanzi kwe-Ethereum yokuvumelana. Ngokujongana nemida ye- Beacon Chain kunye nokubandakanya ezinye iindlela ze-zk-friendly, le ndlela ijolise ekuphuculeni i-Ethereum scalability ngelixa igcina imigaqo yayo engundoqo yokusabalalisa kunye nokufikeleleka . Nangona kunjalo, inguqu iphinda ibonise imingeni i-Ethereum ejongene nayo ekulinganiseni iimfuno zokubala kunye nenjongo yayo yokugcina inethiwekhi engenamvume, ebandakanyayo.

Ngesicwangciso se-NIST sokuphelisa i-cryptography yangoku ye-elliptic curve ngo-2035, i-Ethereum kufuneka ithathe izisombululo ezichasene ne-quantum ezifana neesignesha ezisekelwe kwi-hash kunye ne-Poseidon. Ezi zisombululo zibonisa olwazo urhwebo olusebenzayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe -STARKs kwi-roadmap ye-Ethereum igxininisa ngakumbi ukulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekiswa. Ngelixa begqwesa ekuboneleleni ngobungqina obungafihliyo kunye nokumelana nobungakanani, ukudityaniswa kwabo kuzisa imingeni enxulumene neendleko zokubala zeprover-side kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwedatha encinci . Le miqobo kufuneka ijongwe ukuze ifezekise ngokupheleleyo umbono we-Ethereum wokungabi nalizwe kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwebhloko esebenzayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inethiwekhi ihlala yomelele phambi kokwanda kwemfuno.

Ngaphandle kwezi nkqubela phambili, imingeni engundoqo isekho. I-Ethereum kufuneka ikhangele imiba ye -zk-friendly , ukuvumelana kwe-scalability, kunye nobunzima bokudibanisa i-cryptography ephikisana ne-quantum . Ngaphezu koko, umva ukuhambelana kweziseko ezikhoyo zenza imiqobo esebenzayo efuna izisombululo zobunjineli ngononophelo ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kubaphuhlisi kunye nabasebenzisi ngokufanayo.

Yintoni eyahlula i-Ethereum ayikho nje into entsha yobugcisa kodwa indlela ephindaphindiweyo yokusombulula ezinye zeengxaki ezinzima kwi-blockchain. Indlela eya phambili-nokuba ngaba iteknoloji efana ne -Beam Chain , i-Verkle Trees , okanye ubungqina be-STARK -kuxhomekeke kumgudu wokubambisana ngabaphuhlisi, abaphandi, kunye noluntu olubanzi. Ezi nkqubela phambili azikho malunga nokufikelela kwimfezeko ngobusuku nje obunye kodwa zimalunga nokudala isiseko se-intanethi engafihliyo , enatyisiweyo , kunye ne-intanethi eqinisekisiweyo .

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuka-Ethereum kugxininisa indima yakhe njengomdlali obalulekileyo ekubumbeni ixesha leWeb3. Ngokujongana nemingeni yanamhlanje kunye nezisombululo ezisebenzayo, i-Ethereum isondela kwikamva apho ukuqinisekiswa , ukuchasana kwe-quantum , kunye ne -scalability ibe ngumgangatho, kungekhona ngaphandle.